The Stocking Strangler, The Serial Killer - 1066 Words

The Stocking Strangler was the serial killer back in the late 1970s that struck fear within the residence in a certain neighborhood in Georgia. This serial killer targeted older women to satisfy his sexual desire and empowerment over women. Law enforcement had a person of interest that was almost at every crime scene that the serial killer has targeted; his name is Carlton Gary. Throughout the trial against Mr. Gary, the prosecution used evidence from past crimes to paint him in front of the court that he did without a doubt that he committed these acts against these women. He was convicted after all charges and was given the death sentence until about the last minute the state Supreme Court approved the defense’s motion to suspend Mr. Gary’s execution for the basis of DNA testing on the evidence. That motion has paved the way for Mr. Gary to get a re-trial for the charges he was convicted on. Keywords: DNA, evidence, testing The Conflicting Case of the Stocking Strangler The case study that this author is covering is one of the most notorious and worst crime of US history. This killer not only kills women; he rapes them, then he utilizes an item to kill his victims. This killer’s name is known throughout the country and the world as the Stocking Strangler which started in the 1970s. Law enforcement has appended the suspected serial killer; the accused’s name is Carlton Gary. Mr. Gary was found guilty of all charges, but however, they didn’t have DNA testing at the timeShow MoreRelatedWhy the People Are Interested in Serial Killers Essays1218 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers Serial killers have struck fear in the hearts of people, yet the public remains fascinated and intrigued by the crimes perpetrated by these individuals. There are several theories and factors that have been attributed to serial killers in an attempt to explain their behaviors. Furthermore, by indentifying the behaviors that are exhibited by serial killers, law enforcement professionals are able to gather information about these serial killers that will assist in the apprehension of

The Internet Essay examples - 1940 Words

The Internet The Internet has an enormous impact on the American Experience. First, It encourages the growth of businesses by providing new ways of advertising products to a large audience, and thus helps companies to publicize their products. Secondly, It allows more Americans to find out what goes on in other countries by learning about other cultures and by exchanging their opinions and ideas with other people worldwide. This may well promote a better global understanding. Finally, by allowing people to access vast amounts of information easily, it will change how they make decisions and ultimately also their lifestyle. The Internet is a high-speed worldwide computer network which evolved from the Arpanet. The Arpanet was created by†¦show more content†¦The ability to process orders quickly has always been an important factor in the business world, especially for mail-order companies. Traditional methods however tended to be fairly expensive. On the average it has cost mail-order companies from $10 to $15 to process a telephone or mail order, says Rodney Joffe, president of American Computer Group Inc. Over the Internet, this cost falls to $4, and it is much faster this way, too (Verity 84). Advertising on the Internet is another way to endorse products. Hyatt Hotels Corporation for instance advertises its hotels and resorts, and it even offers a discount for people who say they saw it on the net (Verity 81). Hundreds of computer software companies now have their own Internet sites on the World Wide Web, where customers can get immediate support directly from the experts or buy and register new software online. Even magazine publishers are joining the Internet to regularly publish special Internet versions of their magazines which are read by millions of people worldwide. The Internet attracts so many companies because they can use it as a tool for communication, marketing, advertising, sales, and customer support. It is not only faster and more efficient than using traditional methods, but it is also cheaper. The Internet doesnt just promote growth of businesses, it also creates new ways for Americans to get in touch with the restShow MoreRelatedInternet Privacy And The Internet954 Words   |  4 Pagesunauthorized information by computer, but they actually make the internet a safer place. With the growth of the internet comes the growth of hackers and internet privacy. New laws that would increase internet privacy and, limit hackers would halt the internets growth and development. Since the year 2000, the internet has grown enormously we can all agree and with this growth comes a growth of internet users. With all the internet users, online comes people trying to accuse their information byRead MoreInternet Safety And The Internet954 Words   |  4 PagesInternet safety has been an extensive issue for children and adolescents since accuse to the Internet has become readily available in homes. With Internet use increasing at such rapid rates and a large proportion of adolescents using the Internet daily, the awareness of Internet safety should be addressed. The term Internet safety can be defined as â€Å"the knowledge of maximizing an individuals safety to private information, and self protection from using the Internet†. The impact and influence thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of revenue the Internet brings in a single year is has drastically increased in the past couple years and it will expo nentially keep growing as the years go by. As people use the World Wide Web more and more, they look for ways to profit off of it by having advertisements and other types of promotion. Sites specifically made for people’s inputs run solely on how many active users are on the site. For example, YouTube and Facebook were made to have people post whatever one wants to uploadRead MoreThe Phenomenon Of Internet And The Internet992 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The phenomenon of internet is henceforth taking part of our everyday life. Several of our activities have been altered due to this technology of communication. Internet is both a worldwide mechanism of distribution of information and a means of collaboration and interaction between persons and their computer, regardless of the geographic location. Concretizing the famous worldwide network of communications conceptualised by J.C.R. Licklider[1], internet was so on the rise that we cannotRead MoreInternet Security And The Internet955 Words   |  4 PagesInternet security are such a big thing because many things are based off the internet. As in most of the storage is done off of cloud storage, so you don’t need lots of storage in your computer. Which makes internets unsafe because anyone could hack into your account and take your information. Like your bank account and your personal accounts that could really hurt you I the long run. Or someone could put a scam on a common we bsite that most people go on. And could hack everyone’s computer that hasRead MoreInternet Of Things : Internet1052 Words   |  5 Pages INTERNET OF THINGS: ï‚ ¥ Introduction: According to a survey, in 2008 the things connected on Internet were much more than the people living on the earth that time, and since now it has grew much larger. ï‚ ¥ What is Internet of Things? Mainly they refer to the devices which are able to collect and transmit data via Internet. Internet of things or simply IoT relay to the things. Basically ‘things’ which are physical objects and are though connected with each other through a communication network. TheRead MoreInternet Crimes And The Internet1719 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this research is to discuss about cybercrimes also known as internet crimes. The researcher has taken help from a number of online sources and a few books as well. Firstly, the researcher will discuss about cybercrime, how and when it came in existence. The researcher then will categorize cybercrimes into 2 parts, cyber abuse and cyber-attacks. This in turn has a few subtopics to follow. And lastly, the researcher will discuss prevention from these kind of attacks. TechnologyRead MoreInternet Addiction And The Internet924 Words   |  4 Pagesor two, Internet is a channel that promotes an access to information and communication. It is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world today. Now-a-days, an access to the internet has become easier than ever, whether we are using a computer, phone or tablets. There is no doubt that people are spending more and more time online. Because many people use the internet for their career and education, it is hard to differentiate between the normal usage and excessive usage of internet. We allRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1216 Words   |  5 Pages The internet since its creation was a promising tool. How that tool was to be used was unexpected. Today the internet has been used in knowledge and entertainment that exceeds a human being’s life span. The question lives with how affects the internet people sociologically, how are new generations using the internet compared to the generations were in its infancy? What are the pro and cons of the sociological effects of this vast tool? The internet is now also used to interact with peopleRead MoreAdvertising On The Internet : Internet1985 Words   |  8 PagesGiacomo Randazzo Ms. Blair English III 26 March 2015 Advertising on the Internet Most of the websites collect money through advertisement; websites collect a bunch of information about who visits the page that they use to target their advertisements to services and product that reflect his interests. So targeted advertising is a good thing because it allows the web to run without the necessity to pay for every visited page, but people should be informed and conscious of where the information websites

Mana Stratquiz Note Free Essays

Question 1. Which of the following is an advantage of a divisional type of organizational structure? Answer A. Efficient use of managerial and technical talent. We will write a custom essay sample on Mana Stratquiz Note or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. An enhanced ability to respond quickly to changes in the external environment. C. High degree of emphasis on long term performance. D. Uniformity in image and quality across divisions. Question 2. A strategy of related diversification requires most firms to organize around geographical areas or product lines. This type of organizational growth leads to a(n) Answer A. divisional structure. B. functional structure. C. matrix structure. D. international structure. Question 3. What is the name of the practice that many modular organizations use to grow? Answer A. operational effectiveness B. outsourcing C. strategic leveraging D. strategic enabling Question 4. Nike is a company that makes use of the concept of â€Å"product expatriates. † Product expatriates are Answer A. managers from the home country sent abroad to oversee the marketing of a company’s products. B. managers from suppliers who come to work at a company’s headquarters. C. managers of the company sent abroad to work at the plants of its suppliers. D. local nationals hired by the company in the countries from which it sources products. Question 5. All of the following are disadvantages of a divisional type of organizational structure except Answer A. it can be very expensive compared to a functional organizational structure. B. there is a strong tendency for divisions to focus on short-term performance. C. there can be dysfunctional competition among divisions. D. there is separation of strategic and operating control. Question 6. Lockheed Martin uses a coalition of three entities–its own company, academia, and government–to achieve its goals. This is an example of a Answer A. matrix organization. B. modular organization. C. virtual organization. D. divisional structure. Question 7. Strategic business unit (SBU) and holding company structures result from extensive Answer A. diversification. B. vertical integration. C. international expansion. D. organizational flattening. Question 8. Which of the following is an advantage of a functional type of organizational structure? Answer A. Decentralized decision-making enhances an organization-wide perspective across functions. B. It facilitates the development of general management talent. C. Pooling of specialists enhances coordination and control. D. It is easy to establish uniform performance standards. Question 9. The relationship between strategy and structure can be best described as Answer A. strategy determines structure but structure does not determine strategy. B. structure determines strategy but strategy does not determine structure. C. strategy and structure influence each other. D. a third force determines both strategy and structure. Question 10. A matrix organizational structure is characterized by Answer A. dual reporting relationships. B. a combination of functional and divisional organization structures. C. efficient use of resources and expertise. D. all of the above. How to cite Mana Stratquiz Note, Papers

The IPP Report Business Framework of Causation

Question: Describe about the framework of causation before and after the implementation of The IPP Report. Answer: Introduction Even before stepping into the study, we would like to share a general notion about the ipp recommendations. Most of the people in Australian Law fraternity have this strong opinion that Ipp has the power to expand the reach of the law a great deal. It has the power to cover many untouched areas of natural flow of justice which were under dark allies because common Wisdom was calling the shots inside the courts. Experts were repeatedly asking for a refined terminology and polished framework. With the arrival of Ipp they introduced this framework into the system. (N, 2012) Let us develop an understanding of the basic theory of causation Let's fix it with the help of a simple "hit and run" case, culprit A aims a gun on B, shots a fire, B gets injured. We can simply say that A's act directly causes injury on B. This is the simple conclusion about Causation. We are not talking about the intentions or conflicts, we are not telling you that A is an army men and B is a militant. We are simply defining a straight line to connect causative action and impact. We can also say that we employed our common sense into it. Use of this word common sense is very important here. Until the introduction of Ipp recommendations, the process of the Factual process was dependent on common sense or "Street Smart Wisdom" if we can use this term loosely. The act of drawing a vertical between the action and its product was based on the discretion of the individual sitting in the chair of judgment. The introduction of Ipp emerged as a game changer in this direction, how it happened this we will discuss in a different part of the same report.(Me ara, 2005) Let us move onto a complex case of causation Imagine a different case, Both A and B are walking on the road, a throws a banana peel on the road. It is a civil negligence because it should be thrown into a dustbin. Unfortunately, the B slips over it gets his leg fractured. A van moving from behind cannot control it and runs over B and he dies. Now what should be the line of causation? A can or cannot be held responsible for the death of B? A is directly not connected with the death of B, it is C ( Van driver) who delivered the final blow/primary blow. The answer to this question is dependent on the argument of the causation. What is the role of C (Van driver) in the case how can we deal with his factual causation in the matter? We can very clearly see the presence of some verticals. Again, we are not talking about things like intention and others. We are simply trying to connect an action with its positive or negative fruit. 2002 a landmark year in the history of the Legal Framework of Causation It was the date of 30 September 2002 when statutory provisions to supplement common law negligence principles were implemented in relation with Causation and Remoteness of damages. On first sight, it added a two-pronged deciphering approach to causation. It means it was a kind of double advantage for the claimant who was bearing the losses, first, it increased the scope of liability on the defendant and second it added new legal tentacles for fixing "factual causation" to bring in some remote elements in the legal framework. (Cane P, 2002) Basic theories of Causation and the Impact of ipp The periphery of But for test reached to new high with the implementation of ipp Recommendations. Prior to that, it was very difficult for courts to fix the factual causation. In current terminology, we can say it was very difficult to figure out the roles of various fruits before the accessories and fruits after the accessories. In terms that are more common, we can also state that it was difficult for anyone to fix the roles of people who were providing assistance directly or indirectly into the incidents. If we can put a different terminology to it then we can say that ipp redefined the roles of catalysts of the events as well. After the implementation of IPP another tangent that was connected to duty of care, leading to negligence also registered a sea change in the definitions of role fixation considerably. Here we would like to mention a landmark judgment passed by Australian high court in this much-coveted case of Wallece V/S Kam, it was dealing with a medical negligence and "failure to warn" against a severe medical condition was termed as the factual causation because absence of a medical negligence could have saved the day for the claimant. Now, this judgment of "failure to warn" supports the spirits of ipp recommendations and this judgment has certainly opened a new door for so many other lawsuits of similar nature to be entertained in the courts. (Rogers, 2014) It was an advantage point that promoted it from common sense to legal sense If we study the story of story of factual causation under the purview of law then we find that it was more or the less dependent on common sense, there are many cases where the process factual causation took place based on the common wisdom of the people, Ipp report in 2002, changed it completely for Australian legal system. Terms like Proof of Duty and breach to define negligence took a new back end support. The definition of the tort of negligence adopted a new and pervasive definition. Prior to the 2002 scenario, the law stated that That the negligence was a necessary condition of the occurrence of the harm (factual causation), and That it is appropriate for the scope of the negligent persons liability to extend to the harm so caused (scope of liability). However in 2002 things got twisted and a new definition came in according to it factual causation ... concerns the factual issue of whether the negligence played a part in bringing about the harm; and scope of liability ... concerns the normative issue of the appropriate scope of the negligent persons liability for the harm, once it has been established that the negligence was a factual cause of the harm. Scope of liability covers issues, other than factual causation, referred to in terms such as legal cause, real and effective cause, commonsense causation, foreseeability and remoteness of damage. We can figure out the difference quite clearly here, in the previous definition of factual causation, it was a necessary condition, now this word necessary condition was limiting the equation in the favor of defendant. It means the bearing was more on direct actions and direct consequences. Let us see the case that we have raised in the beginning of this study, in the previous framework of causation. Van driver C is a culprit. Vans direct action brought in the death of B. Vans action was necessary action behind the blow; According to the first definition, Negligence of A is not a necessary condition behind the accident. After the arrival of Ipp things have changed drastically, a new definition of factual causation says Negligence played a part in bringing about the harm under this definition A can also be held as a guilty party, the reason is quite simple, his negligence make B fall on the road. It played a part in the main act that finally led him to a fatal blow. Regarding the act of Van driver certain other factors like Fitness of breaks of the vehicle, speed limits laws on the road can also help a person in fixing the responsibility for the accident. The introduction of word part gave it a new lease of added dimensions. Now we can see the whole incident in two parts or many more parts and practice the exercise of causation on each part individually. Scope of liability increased its horizon under the lights of well-defined causes The definition of the scope of liability also got a new lease of life. Now they have added terms like "legal cause", real and effective cause, foreseeability , common sense causation and remoteness of the damage. How scope of liability changed after Ipp, let us move back to the case that we have in our hands. In the first theory, driver of the Van C is liable for the safety of pedestrians. He faltered and it is a mistake. It is the introduction of many other clauses that made a change here and brought claimants on a point of advantage. (Welford, 30 July 2002,) Entry of the third party and fourth party is easy and it is an advantage of IPP Now let us discuss the case in hand under the purview of Scope of liability. B slipped on the peel of a banana, it caused him death, since A left that peel on the road he can be considered as a fruit of factual causation, now here A can claim that he left the banana peel on the road because there were no dustbins in the sight. This statement can bring in duty of care department concerned with the region under the scope of liability courts can take a cognizance on it and make them a party in the quest. It means that even A is a receiving party because he was seeking for a dustbin. It is true that the principle of causation and scope for liability were dependent on common sense but they were contrived, this contrived nature of the laws came into forefront when we compare them with the current set of laws that were implemented after 2002. If weather forecast department fails in predicting a week full of heavy rains and this rain causes floods then current set of post ipp laws can bring them under the book. In the past, we were not able to put forward these things it was happening because the limiting principle of the common law that states A limiting principle of the common law is that the scope of liability in negligence does not extend beyond liability for the occurrence of such harm the risk of which it was the duty of the negligent party to exercise reasonable care and skill to avoid. Rains can cause floods, now this condition looks like a farfetched condition, in the previous versions of civil laws, there were no means to bring certain parties under the book. However, with the current extended definition of the scope of liability things have changed, now weather department can be brought under the book under the clause of foreseeability attached to the scope of liability. (Meara, 2005) The landmark case of Wallace V/S Kam The changes in the definition of the scope of liability gave rise to some landmark decision. The case of Wallace V/S Kam saw the emergence of a new dictum, Honorable high court in its judgment mentioned that the conception of a duty to warn was not intended to protect a person's right to choose, or to protect a person from exposure to all unacceptable risks. Rather, the policy is to protect a person from a particular injury or injuries, the risk of which is unacceptable to them. The negligent party was blamed and brought under the book because he did not follow his duty to warn, it is a landmark judgment not only in the field of medicines but also in the field of consumer forum cases as well. (Wallace Vs Kam, 2014) This simple judgment can become a revolution in future; it has a nature of tort attached to it, now imagine the same principle of "to warn' attached to all the emergency medicines. It means now they cannot leave any stone unturned while describing the side effects and other conditions related to various medicines and treatments. This simple judgment can also be comprehended in the field of product liability exercises as well. Just like medicines and medical services many other products also carries the tag of warning signs etc. Ipp on the scale of advantage and disadvantages in a nutshell The law they say follows the approach of a waterfall, just like any other natural force it flows with the time and finds a way for itself under the pretext of change in the society and advancement methods employed by the criminal. For instance, we can take the example of an "abetment to suicide" charge. It can be a culpable homicide if you are dealing with a shrewd and cruel criminal. It can also be a circumstantial or spur of the moment thing as well. It all depends on the discretion of the person sitting on the chair. The introduction of IPP certainly took the process of causation and liability fixing to a new high, it introduced a new terminology into the process and now this terminology is gradually finding its way in the cases and conditions. The law of negligence also hovers on the same line; the difference of negligence or criminal negligence has a very thin line attached to it. With the arrival of this new system and with an extended definition supporting the cause and liabilities, things can become much easier to explain. As it happens in the hardcore criminal laws, the framework allows us to explain a problem in parts and fix a framework on each part, now it is the same that we can expect in the case of causation process in various other areas, especially in the area of negligence. Introduction of new terms can create new lifelines for habitual offenders On the downside we can also say that certain criminals can take undue advantage of this sophisticated new framework, they can lengthen up the court processes by introducing more suspects, they can try to share the burden with some indirect parties. We can never deny the fact that every sophisticated set of law is a vulnerable set of law as well. Currently, these changes are in its nascent stages because we do not have many judgments to talk about. Some lawyers may say that with the arrival of Ipp simple laws lost their simplicity and interpretation of these laws became a little difficult. Even then, the thing cannot be denied it is an introduction of an advanced mechanism that has already knocked the doors of court and fruits of this new system are awaited. References: Cane P, S. D. (2002). Report of the review of the Law of Negligence . Sydney . Meara, M. O. (2005). Causation, Remoteness and equitable compensations . Australian Bar Review 51. N, B. (2012). A consideration of "Scope of liability within the restatements tort law review. Rogers, L. a. (2014). Wallce V/s Kam Case history and report . Australia . Wallace Vs Kam (Queensland 2014). Welford, H. R. (30 July 2002,). Personal Injuries Proceedings Amendment bill 2002. The attorney general and minister for Justice , (pp. 2292-2293). Queensland .

Air Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Smog, Particulates, Pollution

Air Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Smog, Particulates, Pollution Air Pollution Air pollution Introduction With the great concern surrounding the destruction of the earths atmosphere due to air pollution, the immediate and direct harm caused to the human body is often over shadowed. While many are aware that our careless use of hazardous chemicals and fossil fuels may leave the planet uninhabitable in the future, most over look the fact that they are also cause real damage to our bodies at this moment. Such pollutants cause damage to our respiratory system, leading to the fluctuation of the life span of an individual depending on a number of conditions. Amongst these conditions are the individuals specific geographic location, age, and life style. This paper is structured as a series of relevant questions and answers to report on the description of these pollutants there affects on our bodies. What are the pollutants? And how do they affect our bodies? In order to understand how air pollution affects our body, you must under stand exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as particulates. Particulates are the small solid particles that you can see through a ray of sunlight. They are products of incomplete combustion in engines (example: automobile engines), road dust, and wood smoke. Billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they produce smoke and other by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles, much still remains. Particulate matter (soot, ash, and other solids), usually consist of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead. These compounds undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight, the result is smog (a term used to describe a noxious mixture of fog and smoke) The smog in this photograph of Beijing, China is so dense that you can barely see the mountains The process by which these pollutants harm our bodies begins by simply taking a breath. Particulates are present every where, in some areas they are as dense as 100,000 per milliliter of air. The damage begins when the particulates are inhaled into the small air sacs of our lungs called alveoli. With densities such as 100,000 per milliliter a single alveolus may receive 1,500 particulates per day. These particulates cause the inflammation of the alveoli. The inflammation causes the body to produce agents in the blood that in crease clotting ability, which leads to the decreased functionality of the cardiovascular system, resulting in diseases and increased mortality. In the blood, carbon monoxide interferes with the supply of oxygen to all tissues and organs, including the brain and heart. Particulates accumulate on the mucous linings of the airways and lungs and impair their functioning. Continued exposure to particulates damages the lungs and increases an individual's chances of developing such conditions as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Inside the alveoli of the lungs, particulate air pollution irritates and inflames them. While you may see pollutants such as particulates, other harmful ones are not visible. Amongst the most dangerous to our health are Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur dioxide, and Ozone. If you have ever been in an enclosed parking garage or a tunnel and felt dizzy or light-headed then you have felt the effect of carbon monoxide(CO). This odorless, colorless, but poisonous gas is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, like gasoline or diesel fuel. Carbon Monoxide comes from cars, trucks, gas furnaces and stoves, and some industrial processes. CO is also a toxin in cigarettes. Carbon Monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells, so body cells and tissues cannot get the oxygen they need. Carbon Monoxide attacks the immune system, especially affecting anyone with heart disease, anemia, and emphysema and other lung diseases. Even when at low concentrations CO affects mental function, vision, and alertness. Nitrogen Oxide is another pollutant that has been nicknamed a jet-age pollutant because it is only apparent in highly advanced countries. Sources of this are fuel plant, cars, and trucks. At lower concentrations nitrogen oxides are a light brown gas. In high concentrations they are major sources of haze and smog. They also combine with other compounds

Free Essays on Polygamy

Dolphyne, Florence Abena. The Emancipation of Women. Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1991. Pg.14 â€Å"A man who had been married for about two years decided to take on a second wife. His wife thought there was no need for that since she felt they were getting on perfectly happily†¦the man argued that she alone could not provide hum all the things he needed at the time he needed them, but the woman insisted there was no basis for that claim.† To prove his point, the man asked for traditional Asante corn dough to be prepared in one day. The woman took on the challenge. She worked hard all day preparing the necessary ingredients and when the day was done she was not. She gave up and apologized to her husband for being so stubborn and told him she felt it was a good idea for him to marry a second wife. Even though this is just a folktale and its credibility is questionable, it still gives the idea of how people began to accept polygamy. Young girls of this tribe here this story over and over. When they become of age to marry, they feel there is absolutely n othing worn! g with being one of many wives and they accept it as part of everyday life. Pg17 â€Å"Some educated women†¦of the Islamic faith†¦will tell you that they would not mind being the second, third, or fourth wife†. The reason for this is that they feel they will have time to concentrate on their education or career whenever it is not their turn to â€Å"†¦keep house for the husband.† I always wondered how the women of polygamous marriages felt about being one of four wives. This statement doesn’t seem likely. I can’t think of any woman that would not mind sharing her husband with co-wives. Pg18 Those who support polygamy have argued, â€Å"†¦that it is justified on account of the ratio of women to men in their countries† This seems like people who practice polygamy are just trying to justify it in any way. Embry, Jessie L. Mormon Polygamous Families. Salt... Free Essays on Polygamy Free Essays on Polygamy Dolphyne, Florence Abena. The Emancipation of Women. Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1991. Pg.14 â€Å"A man who had been married for about two years decided to take on a second wife. His wife thought there was no need for that since she felt they were getting on perfectly happily†¦the man argued that she alone could not provide hum all the things he needed at the time he needed them, but the woman insisted there was no basis for that claim.† To prove his point, the man asked for traditional Asante corn dough to be prepared in one day. The woman took on the challenge. She worked hard all day preparing the necessary ingredients and when the day was done she was not. She gave up and apologized to her husband for being so stubborn and told him she felt it was a good idea for him to marry a second wife. Even though this is just a folktale and its credibility is questionable, it still gives the idea of how people began to accept polygamy. Young girls of this tribe here this story over and over. When they become of age to marry, they feel there is absolutely n othing worn! g with being one of many wives and they accept it as part of everyday life. Pg17 â€Å"Some educated women†¦of the Islamic faith†¦will tell you that they would not mind being the second, third, or fourth wife†. The reason for this is that they feel they will have time to concentrate on their education or career whenever it is not their turn to â€Å"†¦keep house for the husband.† I always wondered how the women of polygamous marriages felt about being one of four wives. This statement doesn’t seem likely. I can’t think of any woman that would not mind sharing her husband with co-wives. Pg18 Those who support polygamy have argued, â€Å"†¦that it is justified on account of the ratio of women to men in their countries† This seems like people who practice polygamy are just trying to justify it in any way. Embry, Jessie L. Mormon Polygamous Families. Salt...

Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog - Assignment Example Even though, transporting oil is relatively easy, the commonest mode of transportation, which human beings use in transporting it from one port to another, is by supertanker. Although spills seldom occur, the outcome threatens marine life. Another disastrous activity that human beings engages in is burning of oil for diverse purposes. Burning oil leads to the production of carbon dioxide, which is a major component of greenhouse gas. In addition, Sulfur is a constituent of oil, which when burnt generates sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide (Michaelides 196). The compounds combine with the available moisture in the atmosphere and form sulfuric acid. The acid leads to the formation of acid rain, which leads to destruction of forests. The acid rain also causes progressive erosion of masonry structures and rocks. Ratification of the proposed environmental law will be a step in making an end of deleterious effects of oil on the environment. Wind and solar power offer an alternative source of energy, which is friendly to the environment and with the least pollution if

Sickle Cell-Advocacy Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sickle Cell-Advocacy Paper - Assignment Example United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC (2014) shows that it costs $11,702 to treat those children with SCD under Medicaid cover and $14,772 for those children under the employer-sponsored insurance. Combined, both groups had no less than one hospital stay. Furthermore, a research by Kauf, Coates, Huazhi, Mody-Patel and Hartzema (2009) estimates the median lifetime costs for people with SCD at $186,406 when discounted and $392,940 when undiscounted. Thus, the economic cost of SCD is a critical public health concern which makes paediatric SCD inaccessible. As such, this memo appeals to the Department of Health and Human Services to subsidise on the costs and take regulatory action that would promote paediatric SCD care initiatives that seek to increase access of the much needed paediatric SCD healthcare services. The sickle cell disease would normally cause the red blood cells to harden and become sticky, adopting a C shape, thus its name from a similarly looking farm tool. With the sickle cells dying early, there would constantly be a shortage of red blood cells, causing severe pains, infections, organ damage or anaemia (MCHB, 2014). These complications make patients constantly seek for medical services. Even though the exact number of people living with the disease remains unknown, CDC (2014) estimates between 90,000 and 100,000 Americans to be affected. Of these, African-Americans are worst hit with 1 in every 500 newborns diagnosed with SCD. These are significant numbers going by the costs already associated with caring for patients with SCD. As noted by Kauf et al. (2009), the components of cost of care for SCD patients include the inpatient and emergency department, ED hospitalisation, having found out from their study that patients with SCD incur averagely one ED visit per patient yea r, 3.7 inpatient hospitalisations and about 24.1 hospital days. According to Raphael et al. (2013), placing children under high-acuity services such as

Organizational Culture and Decision Making

Organizational Culture and Decision Making Introduction. Decision making is an important part to operator a company successfully, in the same time the organizational culture also can influence the company somehow, and the organizational culture can been considered as the centre theme of the whole company because of it describe and explain what the company is and what the company need to do. Decision making also can be influenced by the organizational culture. The concept of organizational culture To define organizational culture, people should understand what culture means in a society. In a broad sense, culture is the summation of spiritual values and material values which was recognized and formed in the historical activities of the society.In a narrow sense, culture is the ideology and the organization, rules which matched with it. But the organizational culture is different from the culture in traditional meaning, and it is the result of effect from serval elements such as the awareness, character, habit of the member in the organization and their scientific and cultural level(See Schien,1985).Organizational culture is the beliefs and values that are shared. As such, the culture prescribe what is true, and describe and, therefore, the goals one ought to pursue and how one should go about pursuing them.(Beyer,1981) And the organizational culture is based on the organization, and forming with the organization or dying with the organization, it exist no matter it has been pr esented.(Nystrom W. H. Starbuck) As a kind of culture which formed in a organization, organizational culture can be influenced by the managers, and that is why the organizational culture is a part of management. It is based on the organizational values, (Wikipedia, Organizational culture, 2010) and the organizational values is ruled and controlled by the manager-CEO(Chief Executive Officer). In the other words, the organizational culture is created by the CEO. There are several types of organizational culture, and they can be classified by several methods. According to Geert Hofstedes research on IBMs employees in different parts of the world. He identified four dimensions of culture. 1.Power distance 2.Uncertainty avoidance 3.Individualism vs. Collectivism 4.Masculinity vs. Femininity.(Hofstede G. 1980). On the other hand, there are some elements of organizational culture People and empowerment focused Value creation through innovation and change Attention to the basics, hands-on management, Doing the right thing, Freedom to grow and to fail, Commitment and personal responsibility, Emphasis on the future. (Wikipedia,Organizational culture, 2010) All of these elements are important in the forming process of organizational culture, and they can not be copied so each organizational culture is unique and an organizational culture is improving all the time The effect of organizational culture on decision making Since the definition of organizational culture has been gave, it has become more easy to analysis the relationship between organizational culture and decision making. There is no doubt that the decisions were made by the empolyee in the organization, according to the definition of organizational culture, the organizational culture influence the member.Organizational culture can be divided into strong organizational cultures and weak organizational cultures. A strong organizational culture means the organizational culture can influence the organization more deeply than weak organizational culture. Whether organizational culture is strong or weak can be relate to the original culture, the scale of the organization, the liquidity of employees and the employee. As a result, a strong culture can decide how the staffs who have a unitive attitude respond to the stimulus, on the other hand,with a weak culture of the organization, staffs have different attitudes and responds. That means a same decision can make different effects in two organization if the organizational cultures are differentin the organization with a strong culture, the decision would be accepted easily,and in the organization with a weak culture, the staffs may doubt the decision and that make the decision implement hard. (CambellNash,1992) So, the organizational culture influences decisions by its members and the way in which it influences its members acceptance or rejection of the decision. That means when the manager making decision, he or she must consider more thing to ensure the decision can work out efficient. As a organization, especially a organization with a strong organizational culture, organizational culture can limit the managers choices to make decision to manage his or her management function. Because the organizational culture establish the regulations about what people should do or should not do. Although the regulations are not write down, even not explicit or people do not talk about, they are exist and influence people all the time. The first hypothesis is that different groups can be demonstrated to have different degrees of culture fragmentation, and that this will either reflect or be reflected in their general well-being and success in pursuit of their goals.(Lee Roy Beach 1998) Decision making in organizations is accomplished by application of both the compatibility test and the profitability test, in precisely the same way as for individual decision makers.(Lee Roy Beach, 1998) This is because the organizational culture, vision, and strategic plans are possessed by its members; there is no organizational mind that retains there images and makes decisions(Beach, 1990) There are many commons in individual decision making between organizational decision making. All of the two type of decision maker must consider about environment, the whole plan of the business, and the danger. But decision making in an organization can be more difficult, because the decision can bring changes, and members of this organization may have resist or welcome two completely different attitude. In turn to conservative, nostalgia, maintain organization, people always based on past the criterion for judging now decisions, always worried in change will lose what will occur, thus to dou bt and fear and changes of psychology and behavior; organ-tissues Conversely, in a pioneering, innovation atmosphere organization, people always with the development the judgement to analysis and decision of rationality, always hope in May produce change, so eager to get what changes, welcome change, support changes. Obviously, welcome change of organizational culture conducive to the implementation of the new decision, and resist change of organizational culture may give any new decision-making implementation disastrous effects. In the latter case, in order to effectively implement the new decision through a lot of work, must first change organization member attitudes, establishing a conducive to change of organizational culture. How an organizational culture enhance a company The organizational culture is core of a organization. For example, the worlds first brand-Coca-Cola Company. Its boss said: Even today all of my factory all destroyed, tomorrow I also can easily built a new one Coca-Cola. That is because the Coca-Colas organizational culture give him the confidence. The general organizational culture is creative and focus on customer. All the decision making processes must focus on these two points. In China, Coca-Cola set up its brands such as Allen su and Qoo to pander to Chinese customer, even Coca-Cola has become the leader of the drink, but they still not give up creating. In 1995 German, the management of Coca-Cola decided to set up a new subsidiary corporation to produce a kind of new drink-koke light and diet koke. That was a result of the organizational culture influence,and the koke light has become the third drink brand in the world. Another example of Coca-Cola organizational culture is the found of Fanta. In World War II, a Coca-Cola fac tory in German insisted produced coke during the war, even the headquarter of Coca-Cola did not know they were still working. But because the shortage of raw materials, they decided to use other materials to produce another orange soda drink, and what make them surprise is the drink achieved a great success and earned a number of profits. This decision made Coca-Cola reborn in European, principals use of these funds, and assisted other European territory Coca-Cola drink plant rebuilding operation, for Coca-Cola postwar market solid foundation. While Fanta was also corporation acceptance, in the 1950s officially launched. (Wikipedia, Fanta, 2010) That is why the organizational culture makes Coca-Cola become the first drink brand whose share of market is 48% in the world. How the organizational culture can save a company Organizational culture not only can make Coca-Cola maintain its overlordship in the market but also can save a small company from the predicament of going bankrupt. In 1980s, Haier is a company which only had a little factory and a backward product line, even worse the small company had debt of over ÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥1.4 million. The Zhang Ruimin took over the company and pushed new management methods, put the attention on creativity. After years hard working, Zhang managed to create a new organizational culture, it made Haier refleash on the stage. As a result of focus on creativity, Haier produced more than 200 types including 13 areas. Now, Haier build more than 29 factory and 8 research centre. In 2008,Haier was appraised as the first brand of Chinese consumer electronics industry. Haier brand topped the top two consecutive years, reflect the Haiers international influence. (Jeannie Jinsheng Yi,Shawn Xian Ye, 2003) How can the organizational culture undermine decisionmaking On the other hand, an organizational culture not only can benefits a lot for a organization but also destroy an organization. Motorola, one of three world communication leaders, it can be recognized as the origin of the mobile phone and telecommunication. Almost all the modern communication technologies can refer to the contributions of Motorola, and Motorola had the largest share of market. But in recent years, the sale performance of Motorola keeps dropping, and the lack of creative lead to the product is repetitive and no advantage when compared with other same kind of products from other company. In an interview of Business Weekly, the CEO of Motorola-Greg Brow summarized the reasons. He said;Among the departments of lack of a free flowing communication. We need to quickly and no filtering the level of free flow of information flow, rather than information is divided into different levels. We should be in technology and products trends as soon as possible to face reality.Successf ul enterprise could hear sounds from both within and outside the enterprise. They are not only depending on technical level, level or search process, but different opinions, and seeking and user most close to the practical needs. They zhongsheng in observing the whole to the developing tendency of the market continuously, and examine the enterprise internal execution and resilience.(Business Weekly ,2009) From the interview, it is not hard to see the organizational culture made the negative effect on the decision making which lead Motrorla went downhill. The overconfidence and wrong forces on the requirement of customer results the share of market decreased from 100% to 4% in 1995 ,and in 1998, the Nokia announced they has become the biggest electric communication company in the world. The three examples of how the organizational culture affect on the decision making, all showed the organizational culture plays an important role in decision making. The managers should adjust the decision to blend in the organizational culture or make decision according to the organizational culture, only this way can make the decision work out more successfully and efficiently. Conclusion In this essay, it is not hard to understand the organizational culture is so important that it can influence the development of the company in the future. An organizational culture can be strong or weak, a weak organizational culture makes the cohesive force low in enterprises, and a strong organizational culture makes more influence than a weak organizational culture, but that does not mean the organizational culture is more stronger is better.The organizational culture affects the decision making in two ways, one way is the organizational culture influences the atmosphere in the organization or encourage the staffs and direct them how to achieve the goals. Another way is to establish the regulations, it may make employees act more carefully in the organization, but it also limits the vision of employees to make right decision.

How Bernard Malamuds, The Natural, uses Style to potray Historical events in his era :: essays research papers

Each writer is influenced in many different ways, but, in general, most of their inspiration comes from those events occurring within the era they are living in. They also use various different techniques or styles to portray those events in their writings. Bernard Malamud wrote a novel, published in 1952, called The Natural. This novel used numerous different stylistics elements to reveal the impact sports had in the late 1940s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One central stylistic element used, in The Natural, to show the impact of sports, in the late 1940s, was structure. The sequencing of the novel is immensely different from the majority of novels. It begins with Roy Hobbs (the main character), at nineteen years of age, when he is aspiring to become a famous baseball player. Almost everyone thinks that he is too young to become a ball player except for one man, Sam Simpson. He became Roy Hobbs’s manager and was taking him too tryout for the Chicago cubs. Ever since he seen him play in high school he believed he had what it took to make it. The ones that didn’t believe in Roy Hobbs Sam Simpson would tell them, â€Å" Well, like I said, he’s young, but he certainly mowed them down in the Northwest High School league last year† (Malamud 14). But, Sam Simpson is killed later on in that chapter, on the way to Roy Hobbs's tryout. No one else is willing to give him a change due to his age, despi te his great high school record for through the most no hitters in high school baseball history. Then, in the next chapter, Batter Up! Part I, it skips to fifteen years later when he gets his first chance to become a baseball player. In the beginning Pop Fisher, manager of the New York knights, did not want to sign him due to his age. Fisher is heard telling him, â€Å" Thirty-four --Holy Jupiter, mister, you belong in an old man’s home, not baseball† (42). But this did not matter because Judge, the owner, had already signed him for a four year contract with the knights. Fisher wanted to contest the contract, yet had no one else to put in his place. So he decided to give him a chance. Finally, the novel reaches the ending of his career, when the Knights are at their peek. Roy Hobbs gets horribly ill and is incapable of playing.

Andre Derain

Andre Derain, Mountains at Colioure, 1905-exemplifeis so called mixed technique. Favism in which short strokes of pure color derived fom the work of van goh and Seurat are combined with curvilinear planes of flat color inspired by by gaugunis paintings and are nouvau decorative arts. The assertive colors, which he likened to sticks of dynamite do not record what he actually saw in the landscape by rather generate their own purely artistic energy as they express the artists intense feeling about what he saw. Henri Matisse, The woman with the hat, 1905-Like Derain Matisse was interested in deliberate disharmonies.The painting sparked controversy at the 1905 salon d’Automne. Not because of subject was depicted: with crude drawing, sketchy brushwork, and wildly arbitrary colors that create a harsh and dissonant effect. Henri Matisse, Le Bonheur de Vivre(The Joy of Life), 1905-depicts nudes in attitudes close to traditional studio poses, but the landscape is intensely bright. He de fended his aims in 1908 pamphlet called notes of a painter: â€Å"What I am after, above all, is expression,† he wrote. In the past, an artist might express feeling thourgh the figure pses or expressions that the characters in the painting had.But now, he wrote, the whole arranfement of my picture is expressive. The place occupies by the figures or objects, the empty spaces around them, the proportions, everything plays a part. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, street, Berlin- Dominating the left half of the painting, two prostitutes, advertised by their large feathered hats and fur trimmed coats, strut past well dressed ourgeois men, their potential clients. The figures appear as artificial and dehumanized figures, with masklike faces and stiff gestures.Their bodies crowd together, but they are psychotically distant from one another, victims of modern urban alienation. The harsh colors, tilted perspective, and angular lines register Kirchners expressionistic response to the subject. Ko llwitz, The outbreak-Expressionist* shows the peasants built up fury from years of mistreatment exploding against their oppressors, a lesson in the power of group action. Kollwitz said that she herself was the model for the leader of the revolt, black anna, who raises her hands to signal the attack.Her arms silhouetted against the sky, and the crowded mass of worker with their farm tools , form a jumbled and chaotic picture of a time of upheaval. Kandinsky, Improvisation No 28-First abstract work*This work retains vestige of the landscape :Kandinsky found references to nature the hardest transcend. But the work taes us into a vortex of color, line and shape. If we recognize buildings or mountains or faces in the work, then perhaps we are seing in the old way, looking for corresponences between the painting and the world where none are intended.Rather the artist would have us look at the painting as if we were hearing a shmphony, respnding insticntivley and spontaneously to this or t hat passage, and then to the total experience. Kandinsky, The Blue Mountain, 1909- shows two horsemen, rendered in the style of Russian folk art, before a looming peak in his favorite color. The flatness of the work and the carefully parallel brushstrokes show influence from Gaugin and Cezanne. Many of his works feature riders; Kandinsky had in mind the horsemen of the Apoclypse who usher in the end of the world before its final transformation at the end of time.Franz Marc, The large blue horses- The animals merge into a homogenous unit, the fluid contours of which reflect the harmony of their collective existence and echo the lines of the hills behind them, suggestion that they are also in harmony with their surroundings. The pure, strong colors reflect their uncomplicated yet intense experience of the world as March enviously imagined it. Paul Klee, Hammamet with its mosque-The play between geometric composition and irregular brush strokes is reminiscent of Cezannes work, which Kl ee has recently seen.The luminous colors and delicate washes or applications of dilute watercolor, result in a gently shimmering effect The subtle modulations of red across the bottom, especially are positively melodic. Klee who played violin and belonged to a musical family, seems to have wanted to use color the way a musician would use sound, not to describe appearances but to evoke subtle nuances of feeling. Pablo Picasso, Self Portrait, 1901- reveals his unhappiness which reveals his familiarity with cold, hunger and disappointment.In search of a more vital art inviroment, Picasso moves to paris where his circumstances improved. Picasso, Family of saltimbanques, 1905-In this mysterios composition, si figures ihabit a barren lanscape ainted in warm tones of beige and rose sketchily brushed over a blue ground. Five of the figures cluster together in the left two thirds of the picture while the sicth a seather woman curiously detached, occupies her own space in the lower right. All of the saltimbanques seem psycholically withdrawn and uncommunicative as silent as the emoty andscape they occupy.Picasso, Les Demoisleels d’Avogmon, 1907-Iberian influences is seen in the faces of the three leftmost figures, with their simplified features and wise, almond shaped eyes. The faces of the two right handed, painted in a radically different style, were inspired by African art. Given the then condesving attitudes towards primitive cultures. Picassos wholesale adoption and adaptation of their styles for a large multifigured painting , as opposed to a still life or a small genre work. Georges Braqu, houses at L’Estaque- Reveals the emergence of early Cubism.Inspired by Cezannes example, Braque reduced natures many colors to its essential browns and greens and eliminated detail to emphasize basic geometric forms. Arranging the buildings into an appoximate pyramid, he pushed those in the distance closer to the foreground, so the viewer looks uop the plane of th e canvas more than into. Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909-10-the gradual abstraction of deep space and recognizable subject matter is well under way. The still life items are not arranged in illusionistic depth but are pushed close to the picture plane in a shallow space.Braque knit the various elements together into a single shifting surface of forms and colors. In some areas of the paintings, these formal elements have lost not only their natural spatial relations nut their identities as well. Picasso, Glass and bottle of suze, 1912 – Collage , a work composed of separate elements pasted together. At the center, newsprint and construction paper are assembled to suggest a tray or round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor with an actual label.Robert Deluanay, Homage to Bleriot 1914-pays tribute to the French pilot who in 1909 was the first to fly across the English channel. One of Bleriots early airplane, in the upper right, and the Eiffel tower below it, symbolized technological and social progress, and the crossing of the channel expressed the hope of a new, unified world without national, antagonisms. The brightly colores circular forms that fill the canvas suggest both the movement of the propellar on the left and blazing sun. Fernand Legere, Three women, 1921- Machine age version of the French odalique tradition that dates back to Ingeres.The picture space is shallow and compressed by less radically shattered than analytic cubist works. The women arranged within a geometric grid stare out blankly at us, embodying a quality of classical calm. Legers wome haveidentical faces, and their bodies seem assembled from metal parts. Boccion, Unique forms of continuity in space, 1913-an armless nude figure in full, powerful stride. The contours of the muscular body flutter and flow into the surround space, expressing the fgres great velocity and vitatlity as it rushes forward, a stirring symbol of the brave new futurist world.Malevich, The supremist paintng- consists simply of eight red rectangles arranged diagnolly on a white painted ground. Malevich called this art suprematism, short for the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art. Motivated by a pure feeling for plastic values. Brancusi, The New born, 1915-the egg symbolizes the birth or the rebirth and the pontential for growth and development. He say egg shapes as perfect, organic ovals that contain all possible life forms. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917-A porcelain urinal turned 90 degrees an signed it as mocking J. L mott Iron works.The manufacturer. Marcel Duchamp, L H O O Q, 1919-Marcel bought a postcard of the mona lisa and painted a mustache and a beard on the famous fac, and signed it with his name. he called this piece not a readymade but and assisted readymade. John Sloan, Election Night, 1914-Embodies many of the groups concerns. Theartist went out into street during a postelection victory celebration and made a sheaf of quick drawings that he turned into this painting. The work feels like a spontaneous sketch. Sloan was an avid socialist who made illustrations for several leftist magazines in those years.Dove, Nature Symbolized, no. 2-is a remarkable set of small worksin which the artist made visual equivalents for natural phenomena such as rivers, trees and breezes. Doce rendered nature as from his experience of it. Okeefe, City Night, 1926-dark tonalities, stark forms, and exaggerated perspective may produce a sense of menace or claustrophobia. . The painting seems to reflect okeefs own growing perception of the city as too confinig. Frida Kahlo, The two fridas, 1939-shows an image of Kahlo that expresses a split in her identity between Mexican and European.The European frida wear a Victorian dress while the Mexican wears peasant clothing. The blood vessel that flows through both fridas hints at the idea that the artist was injured as a teen an the painting shows her inner pain and struggle. Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye France , 1929-House outside of paris is an icon of international style. It is the best expression of his domino construction system. Frand Llyoyd Wright. Frederick C Robie house, Chicago 1906-Organized around a central chimney that marks the hearth as the physical and psychological center of the home. Frand e

Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines

Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines By Mark Nichol When do you capitalize a word or phrase that denotes an academic discipline? This post details the distinctions between these terms as proper nouns and as generic descriptions. If you’re writing a rà ©sumà © or a biographical blurb for yourself or someone else, or editing one, or you’re otherwise referring to an academic discipline, begin one or more words with uppercase or lowercase letters depending on whether the text pertains merely to the discipline itself or to an entity devoted to the discipline, such as a course, a department, or an institution. Note the following examples: â€Å"My course load includes classes in French and astronomy,† but â€Å"My favorite classes last semester were French III and Introduction to Astronomy.† â€Å"He obtained a degree in Asian studies,† but â€Å"He enrolled in the Department of Asian Studies† (or â€Å"the Asian Studies Department†). â€Å"It has always been her ambition to study architecture,† but â€Å"The building that houses the School of Architecture is a disgrace to the discipline.† When references to academic disciplines are listed, as on a business card or a rà ©sumà ©, or in institutional promotional text such as flyers or in lists, they are labels rather than prose, so capitalization is acceptable. On a related note, take care to distinguish between singular and plural terms. For example, social science is a specific academic discipline, the study of society. However, the social sciences are, collectively, the academic disciplines pertaining to humans, such as archaeology, economics, geography, and so on (including social science). (Likewise, observe the distinction between communications and â€Å"mass communication.†) Again, both terms are capitalized only as part of a proper name (for example, â€Å"the Department of Social Science,† â€Å"the Institute of Social Sciences†). In addition, because they constitute standing phrases, they are not hyphenated as a phrasal adjective. (For example, â€Å"The paper examines athletics from a social science perspective.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetArtist vs. Artisan

The USA Patriot Act of 2001 essays

The USA Patriot Act of 2001 essays Since the incredible events of September 11, we Americans have had plenty to be concerned about: the nation has been grieving over the tragic loss of lives, nervous about the economic fall out from the attacks, reluctant to fly in commercial aircraft, anxious over the threat of bio-terrorism delivered via a once innocuous and common medium and, now perhaps, uneasy about the impending war with Iraq. Our flags have been waving to signal solidarity and love for our country, and many people have rediscovered a sense of pride and appreciation for all the United States upholds. Another domestic concern should be added to our list. On October 26, 2001, a massive bill designed to combat terrorism was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The bill, a revision of legislation the Bush administration proposed barely a week after the September 11 terrorist attacks, was re-introduced in early October, 2001 and passed through both houses of Congress following little debate and no formal hearings. The USA PATRIOT Act (full title: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism, H.R. 3162) grants federal authorities expanded surveillance and intelligence-gathering powers (Frieden, 2001). Following the signing of the bill, Attorney General John Ashcroft, who reportedly had lobbied hard for the legislation, stated that federal agents would immediately begin exercising their new capabilities. Supporters of the bill contend it will help federal law enforcement agents prevent future terrorist attacks, rather than respond with prosecutions after the fact. Objections were raised about the manner in which the bill was hastily pushed through the voting process: Rep. Barney Frank, Democrat of Massachusetts, stated that the law was processed in the most undemocratic way possible, and it is not worthy of this institution (Dean, 2001). During the House debate, sponsors ad...

Jourmal of Asian Pacific Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jourmal of Asian Pacific Communication - Essay Example How did the authors go about investigating the issue? The research questions were used to investigate the issues of study such as whether there are any significant differences in communication styles used by native speakers of American English and native speakers of East Asian languages in homogeneous groups and whether East Asian speakers of similar language proficiency exhibit the same communication patterns in heterogeneous and homogenous teams. In order to analyze the situation, various categories such as turns, words, overlaps, back channels and latching were used. What were the main findings? It was found that when working in homogenous groups, both cultural groups exhibits similar interaction and their participation was very similar. East Asians acquire shorter turns and Americans took longer turns; in addition, East Asians showed higher rates of latching compared to Americans. Make at least five (5) suggestions as to how this article might be improved. The article uses only a few variables to discuss the interactive approach, more variables can be used to provide a deep discussion on the communicative patterns. Additional study is needed to explore the cultural differences affecting the performance of groups. This study uses only a small sample data; a larger data sample would provide stronger results. If the article emphasis the decision making of students group in decision making, it will be more easily understandable for this study. Further study is needed to argue the reason of silencing result of non native speakers of mixed groups. Section-2- Self Reflection Assessment: Introduction: We had a MMH299 unit to explain about Business Communication. The objective of this unit is to expand knowledge of the nature of business communication, and provide the necessary tools and skills to help in improving the productivity in an organization. With participation in the unit, it was a completely different experience for me to gain knowledge about various aspe cts of business communication. It was, in fact, exciting to see that how an easy thing like communication was not simple at all as I have learned before. Communication is the part and parcel of our life. But I was ignorant of the wide areas of business communication. I have learned the theories of business communication through this unit. Business communication is very essential in an organization to improve the productivity and achieve the objectives. Tasks: We have undertaken various tasks on weekly in order to get a better overview of the topic. The task included explaining about the theory and History of Business Communication, workshop on Meetings Online and Technology, Teamwork, Oral and online presentations, Writing reports, Dealing with Conflict and Negotiation, providing a view on behavioral Protocols and Ethical Communication, Intercultural communication, emotion, Communication and Gender issues. Learning activities: The tasks started with the description of the theory and history of business communication. I have learned that the most significant thing in communication is to hear what is not being told. Communication theories were originated in twentieth century. Communication â€Å"is the very means by which we produce our personal relationships and professional experiences†

Examine how nirvana might be said to be the goal of Buddhist mysticism Essay

Examine how nirvana might be said to be the goal of Buddhist mysticism - Essay Example It is mainly an enlightenment state, meaning that an individual who gets what he or she desires with no suffering. As scholars of religion would have it, Buddhism may not merely be a pact of religious doctrines, but also is seen as a pact expounding on the best of life. In this pact, it is seen as a whole civilization concerning its historical background in tandem with its literature, philosophy, and the art. The religion of Buddhism explores all the facets of human life3. To understand humanity, and the aspects of his socialization, his ethics, his intellectual, his spiritual and economic status as well as mental development, Buddhism religion seem to provide a promising state. The ultimate result of Buddhism leads to an enlightenment of the being and this is the core in experiencing the state of nirvana. The goal of Buddhism is the aspect and practice of nirvana. Everyone who understands Buddhism well, he, or she can agree that nirvana is one of the goals of the religion. According to how Buddha preached about nirvana in India, the human being comes to life from nowhere. This is due to a combination of elements and things. Human beings have no creator and most of Buddhism followers believe that. They believe that human beings just fall from nowhere to earth through a mysterious process and they find themselves in phenomenal universe that is full of inanimate and animate objects. Therefore, personality, beingness, and existence all manifest from an emptiness (sunya) state or nothingness or non-existence through an aggregation process. In its simplest terms, nirvana is the state of perfect peace and happiness that a follower of the religion actualizes as th e long-term goal. Nothing is above its experience. This noble realization of nirvana, makes the religion seem practical. As a result, many would agree that the Buddhism religion is more likely alive in understanding the complex nature of humanity. It helps humanity become more deeply

Out of town Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Out of town Brown - Essay Example Furthermore, she should explain to the reporter that when the Chief Probation Officer designated her as officer-in-charge, he did not give her authority to discuss the officers recommendations on any case under their watch. In the event where the reporter press Joan to make comments on the probably sentence of the offender, Joan should refrain from making any comments on this matter and ask the reporter to just wait for the official proclamation of the sentence of the offender on the scheduled date. Joan should never attempt to discuss her officers recommendations regarding the sentence of the "kiddie killer" until such time when such sentence has already been made final. Making any premature comments at this point will only raise speculations from the media and may put the Collier County Probation Department in a bad light. In the event where Joan elects to discuss the sentence of the "kiddie killer" with the reporter, she should make it clear to the reporter the reasons behind the sentence. First, she should be able to explain to the reporter that the present mental condition of the boy. Second, she should be able to make the reporter understand that the boy committed the crime after he was subjected to abuse by the victim for several years. Joan should make the reporter understand that the crime committed by the offender is not just one of those random acts of violence but rather it is a result of long years of mental and physical abuse. Third, Joan should make it clear to the reporter that based on expert evaluation; the boy is a low risk for recidivism which makes him relatively harmless to the people around him. Since he is as much a victim of the offense as was his stepfather, he should be given due considerations. A community-based sentence which will allow the boy to slowly reintegrate into soc iety and live a normal life is the most humane way to deal with

Advantages of Raw Milk Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Raw Milk Essay From the time of Hippocrates to until just after World War II, this white blood nourished and healed uncounted millions. Clean raw milk from pastured cows is a complete and properly balanced food You could live on it exclusively if you had to indeed, published accounts exist of people who have done just that Whats in it that makes it so great? Lets look at the ingredients to see what makes it such a powerful food Proteins Our bodies use amino acids as building blocks for protein. Depending on who you ask, we need 20-22 of them for this task Eight of them are considered essential, in that we have to get them from our food. The remaining 12-14 we can make from the first eight via complex metabolic pathways in our cells Raw cows milk has all 8 essential amino acids in varying amounts, depending on stage of lactation About 80% of the proteins in milk are caseins- reasonably heat stable and, for most, easy to digest Lactoferrin (14), an iron-binding protein, has numerous beneficial properties including improved absorption and assimilation of iron Ice cream – we don’t drink milk, we eat. Milk is our first food Mammals – short time milk 50 years ago 2000 pounds of milk per year Now top producers over 50000 pounds, how is it done ? Drugs, antibiotics, hormones, specialized cow breeding†¦ breeding cows for specialized skimmed milk. Skimmed milk cow. Its insane , and rocket fuel Cow’s milk also contain blood Kills Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Vitamin B12—Cyanocobalamin Diabitis – no proper enzymes to digest proteins.

Importance of Physics in our Daily Life Essay

Importance of Physics in our Daily Life Essay Role of physics in our daily life INTRODUCTION We are living in the century of science and technology and introduction of science in our daily has transformed our lives. When people had no idea about science, even then their lives were governed by principles of different branches of science. When we light a fire, it is a chemical process; when we eat and digest food, it is biological process; when we walk on Erath, it is governed by laws of physics; when an Earthquake occurs, it’s a seismic activity; when we talk about different terrains and gems of Earth surface, it is related to Geology. There is no single activity of our lives, which define our one or other field of science. Similarly, physics governs our everyday lives and is involved in a number of activities we perform and things we use in our daily life. Here we will discuss how physics is playing its part in running our everyday tasks and assists us to do our errands, chores and duties smoothly and effectively. BODY Physics is considered natural science because it deals with the things like matter, force, energy and motion. As these all are related to task related to everyday life, so, we can say that physics studies how the universe works, how Earth Moves around the sun, how lightening strikes, how our refrigerator works and many more. In short, physics define how everything works around us. When cannot separate anything from science and, our world cannot disconnect itself from the wonders of Physics. When we look around us, we can see a number of things that work on the principles of Physics. We can explain our several activities by making use of the knowledge of Physics. Here, we will discuss some of the example, which will help us to learn how physics is playing its part in our lives each day. Walking A number of principles of physics are involved in simple act of walking. It involves concepts of weight, Newton’s three laws of inertia, friction, gravitational law and potential and kinetic energy. When we walk, we actually act like an inverted pendulum. When we put the foot on ground, it becomes our axis and our mass is centered in our abdomen, describing the shape of an arc. When we set foot on ground, we actually put weight i.e w=mg and apply backward force on ground, as the response to our weight, ground responds by an opposing force which is vertical in nature, on leg which slows us down and this slowing process continues unless our leg comes nearest to our tummy. When leg is moving, kinetic energy is at maximum and potential energy is zero, but, when leg reaches nearest to belly or arc, potential energy reaches to its maximum. When another step is taken, the stored potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and this process continues. We act as an imperfect pendulu m, because all potential energy is not converted into kinetic energy. Only 65 percent of energy is provided by stored potential energy to take next step, remaining 35 percent is provided by bio chemical processes. (Kunzig, 2001) When we walk we actually do some work in physical terms, as W=F*S, when we exert some force and as a result of it we cover some distance we actually do work. During walking, Newton’s three laws of motion are applied. First law of motion states that, a body remains in state of rest unless a force is applied on it. When we are at rest, inertia is at maximum. Body needs largest amount of force to get out of state of inertia, i.e when we start walking. When we talk first step the energy is transferred from foot to upper body parts and we start moving, during the process of walking inertia keeps on changing increases when we set foot on ground and decreases when we move the foot up. Second law of motion states that a=F/m i.e acceleration is directly proportional to the force we use or exert while walking, therefore, when we will apply more force, our acceleration will increase. Third law of motion is about action and reaction, when we set foot on ground we exert force on it and as a result to it ground exerts reactionary vertical force on body. (Patricia Ann Kramer, 2011) Cooking Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, temperature and work done due to it. Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one medium to another i.e heat transfer. For heat transfer, heat travels from hotter surface to cooler. When we put pan, with water or something else in it, on burning stove the energy in flame of stove touches cold pan, it starts transferring heat to the pan thus making it hooter. This phenomenon is called conduction. Convection is a process of movement of molecules in liquid and gases. When we heat the pan, the water molecules on the base of pan start heating up, a time comes when they get enough energy and become hotter than the molecules around them, then they start moving to the surface of water. The water molecules on the surface are cooler and heavier from hot water, due to less heat energy, thus start moving down, this process continues until all water comes at same temperature. (ouchmath, 2011) The cooking process is an open system, because in this both matter and energy is lost. According to zeroth law of thermodynamics energy should be conserved, in our case the energy lost by flame is used by pot to heat water and thus the total energy remains conserved. If we use pressure cooker it uses het energy to bring spontaneous changes into food by using kinetic energy of molecules to bring chemical changes in food; thus satisfying law of thermodynamics that spontaneous works are done due to work energy. (Lathbridge, 2013) Cutting fruits and vegetables When we cut fruit and vegetable, we never realize that physics could be involved in this simple task, but, surely it is. In order to cut anything, we have to exert pressure on knife. When we increase the pressure we can cut an object easily. Pressure is dependent on force and area i.e directly dependent on force and inversely dependent on area. In simple terms we can say that when we exert more force we can cut an object easily, but, if same force is applied with a knife with thicker edges, we cannot it. From experiences we learn that the knives which have edges with smaller surface area can help to cut an object easily. Similarly, we can cut easily with a sharper knife than blunt. The blunt knife offers more friction, due to its rough edges; thus making it difficult to cut an object. Seeing Our eyes are an incredible gift by God. We see wonders of the world, by this small organ. When we talk about parts of body and their function, it is the general concept that we are talking about biology. But, we neglect the fact that functions of our body parts are also working under the laws of physics and chemistry. If we talk about the sense of seeing, we come to know that our eyes work as a camera to see things around us. The lens in our eyes is convex i.e it converges or focuses light. When light enters our eye, cornea and lens focus the light. Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye and iris creates an image on retina, which is real and inverted i.e like in camera. The image of light is converted into electrical signal, by photoreceptors, and sent to vision centre of brain by optic nerve. The vision center analyses the electric signal and arranges it into its original form i.e to be seen by eye. The image we can see is due to the amount of light reflected from that o bject. This is the reason why we cannot see in dark. (Edmondson, 2005) Eye can perceive different shapes and colors of the objects. Light consists of seven colors, when it falls on an object say, book of color red, it absorbs all the colors and reflect red color. This helps us to interpret that the cover of this book is red. When light falls a white object then it reflects all the colors and that’s why it seems white (we also regard light as white light). Similarly, when light falls on black object it absorbs all the light and reflects nothing that’s why that object looks black. (Pappas, 2010) Opening and closing doors Physics is also involved in opening and closing of hinged doors. The phenomenon involved in opening and closing of door is torque. Torque is the force required to twirl an object about an axis or fulcrum. When we open a door by using the handle, at farthest place from hinge, we can easily open the door by producing torque, ÆÂ ®=F*l sin ÆÅ ¸, where l is the distance of hinge from door knob or handle. (Lesson 27a: Torque (AP Only) , 2013) If the knob is located near the hinge, we have to exert more torque, thus producing less angular acceleration. When we apply force perpendicular to the door, larger angular acceleration is produced. When we apply force on the door knob, compel the door to rotate on its axis thus acting on the principle of torque. Torque is positive when we open the door clockwise and negative if we open it anticlockwise. (Broholom, 1997) CONCLUSION Here, we have seen a limited example of physics, but over life is governed by this branch of science. Physics governs a lot of natural phenomenon and also define a number of man made things like cars, refrigerators, microwave and escalators. Hence, we can say that our world is ruled by physics. Works Cited Broholom, C. (1997, October 20). Opening a door. Retrieved from John Hopkins University: http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~broholm/l18/node3.html Edmondson, R. (2005, November 11). How are we able to see things? Retrieved from MyUniversalFacts: http://www.myuniversalfacts.com/2005/11/how-are-we-able-to-see-things.html Kunzig, R. (2001). The Physics of Walking. DISCOVER Vol. 22 No. 07. Lathbridge, A. (2013, June 06). Thermodynamics of Cooking. Retrieved from Science fare: http://sciencefare.org/2013/06/26/thermodynamics-of-cooking/ Lesson 27a: Torque (AP Only) . (2013, March 12). Retrieved from studyphysics.ca: http://www.studyphysics.ca/2007/20/ap_torque/27_ap_a_torque.pdf ouchmath. (2011, January 25). THE PHYSICS OF COOKING. Retrieved from OUCH MATH: http://ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/the-physics-of-cooking/ Pappas, t. (2010, April 29). How Do We See in Color? Retrieved from Live Science: http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html Patricia Ann Kramer, A. D. (2011). The Energetic Cost of Walking: A Comparison of Predictive Methods. PLoS ONE, 6(6), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021290.

Mind over Matter: The Unique Components of Womanhood & Depressive Disor

Abstract: As I sat down to begin this re-write, I made sure to do one thing before diving back into the stack of compiled research I had gathered, I took one good deep breath. As I came towards the end of my exhale, I was hit with a realization; there is unwavering power in positive cognitive embrace. And that one statement sums up pretty what this paper is about. Along with conceptualizing the realities of depression and the many frameworks surrounding its existence, the primary goal of this paper is to discover the unique ways in which women can stand up to the symptoms of depressive disorders. The Basics The National Institute of Mental Health (2012) describes depression as a serious illness which also happens to be very prevalent within all populations. Depression doesn’t discriminate in regard to age, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. However through research, a clear distinction has been made, depression is being seen more and more in women as opposed to in men (2012). A number of factors have been accredited with this trend; among them include hormonal, biological, and affective differences (NIMH) in which are exclusive to women, and are not often seen in men. Indicating that there is a difference in how men and women experience depressive disorders is important but is only half the battle when it comes to developing effective and efficient treatments for this sometimes plagiarizing disorder. Current Psychological Research & Statistics Depressive disorders, projected by the World Health Organization to be amongst the leading sources of illness-prompted disabilities in women by the year 2020 (as cited by Tanti & Belzung, 2011); Furthermore it is believed that more than 16% of the American population will experience ... ...033-295X.115.2.291 Kelly, M. M., Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Sex differences in the use of coping strategies: predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 25(10), 839-846. doi:10.1002/da.20341 National Institute of Mental Health.(nd.) Depression [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-easy-to-read/depression-trifold.pdf Tanti, A., & Belzung, C. (2010). Open questions in current models of antidepressant action. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 159(6), 1187-1200. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00585.x Mind over Matter 10 Weinberger, A. H., McKee, S. A., & Mazure, C. M. (2010). Inclusion of Women and Gender-Specific Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials of Treatments for Depression. Journal Of Women's Health (15409996), 19(9), 1727-1732. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1784

Hypothesis Supply Chain Management in Today’s Business Climate

Gathering and distributing information is as old as the human race itself. From the early days of cave paintings to today†s modern computer databases, human being has constantly searched to improve the way we communicate. In the business climate of today you must either have a state of the art information network or no clients. The cutthroat world of bushiness is cruel if your company can not keep up with the cutting edge technology. The way to beat the competition is to have the most state of the art information gathering and distribution network. Having this type of network is not the only battle, being able to use this system properly comes in handy as well. This paper is a walk through of information technology as it relates Supply Chain Management. Along this journey stops in the past, present, and future are made. Hypothesis Supply Chain Management in today†s business climate is the wave of the future. The gathering and distribution of information is the most important task in business today. History of Information Technology The evolution of Information Technology starts from the inception of the human communication. The real leaps and bounds came at the birth of the computer. Previously gathering of information took place without the use of real technology. Granted the use of writing letters and the use of telephone and telegraph speed the flow of information. These early forms did not have great storage capacity or easy access by many parties. The best analogy to use is a row of matches all lined up end to end. Traveling from one end to the other is the way the precomputer days had information flowing. With the use of a computer as a distribution point the picture of the matches changes from the line to a circle, with the distributor in the middle reaching all concerned groups at the same time. This visual perception shows the need for Supply Chain Management. The reason for Supply Chain Management is to make money. The easiest way to do so is to save time and space. The quick distribution of information does both. Information technology was first used as just a simple and efficient way of giving information out within the company. The main reason that these first uses were so simple is that the computer was also in its developmental stages. (Gordon, 1996) The painful fact was as much as companies wanted to more utilize the technology at hand it was expensive and consumed rooms full of space. With the later development of the desktop workstation corporations were better able to put the information at the fingertips of all their employees. This giant leap in both computer technology and information technology paved the way for some of the Supply chain†s current uses. The previous uses where to gather information from satellite sites throughout the company's domain and bring this information back to a central processing point. Examples of the types of information transferred are employee and supplier records, inventories, and sales figures for the branch. This one way flow of information was the old school of thinking when it comes to the science of information management. Supply Chain Management says that you have your information flowing in more than one direction to work. Specific hardware changes that helped boost the importance of Supply Chain Management are the shrinking of both the size and cost of each computer. The reduced size of memory chips made for the easy shrinkage of the computer due to the large portion of space that this component takes up. Other hardware improvements include the reduced size of the tubes in the monitor making them less like the floor console televisions of old. Along with all of these improvements another strange thing happened, the price went down, as new technology became available. The use of the computer to distribute and gather information became affordable to all companies great and small. Increased storage capacity allowed companies to gather and hold more information at their fingertips. (Davidow, 1996) The other changes in Supply Management came in software development. The increased power of computers led software designers to actually create programs like databases and spreadsheets. The ease of use and organized storage of information made new programs appealing to the business world. The need to store and distribute information became the market niche for companies like Lotus, JD Edwards and Computer Associates. Addressing concerns such as security and accesses were two points of emphasis for corporate software buyers. The big hurdle to cross was not how to just gather information within your own organization but to also explore outside those boarders to gain more cost and time savings with suppliers and customers. The tool that answered this call was the development of the Internet and the World Wide Web. This network of computers combined with the new hardware allows for the communication of information around the world in seconds. The other thing the Internet brings to the table is information that any one could access even from the privacy of their homes. The important change here is now you can reach potential suppliers and customers very inexpensively. Remember that information is not just for company employees, but the consumer who likes to make informed purchases. Enhancement of networks and systems allows your suppliers to solicit you to meet your need. This is different from the old style in which you contact the vendor with a need. With all the legwork being done to provide your company it†s supply†s you can concentrate on giving the customer what they want. All this is possible from properly managing your Supply Chain (Ross et al. , 1996). Current Supply Chain Applications Companies use Supply Chains in many different ways that suit their business needs. A company like Mrs. Fields cookies uses its Supply Chain resources to gain valuable information about each of its branch stores material needs. Along with this flow of information to central spot, the company provides direction and guidance back to the store managers from afar. By evaluating sales and inventory data district mangers make recommendations as to sales improvements and continued growth. Projections on material usage and personnel decisions and scheduling are handled from a central point. Companies like Microsoft use information technology to direct a global customer base and handle questions and concerns surrounding their product. Microsoft customer service representatives handle hundreds of electronic messages sent via the Internet about the customer†s latest purchase. Other uses include companies like Martian Marietta who use information gathering through the internet and suppliers to bid lower on contracts. The company does this by sending out specs of the project and letting teams of manufacturing employees† design to way to build the product. All the product requirements go to the suppliers for quotes and delivery schedules. From there the information goes back to the sales force who puts a dollar figure to the bid. This information exchange takes usually less than one week while leading competitors take over months. The reason other take so long is because of the face to face meetings and data organization time. Martin Marietta†s quick turn time does more than allow the sales force to bid on many contracts but allows for very accurate price quotes as well. Today many companies use the Supply Chain in different ways to suit their own needs. The basic principals are still the same, gain information and mold it while cutting down on the time it takes to get material and distribute the product to the customer. Gordon, 1996) One of the major tools used today is the Internet. Firms throughout the world use this global communication medium. The biggest importance to companies is keeping them in touch with the doings of other similar companies around the world. Uses of the Internet include soliciting potential customers as well as finding out what the competition is doing. This inexpensive form of advertising has become a favorite for marketing directors of all firms. This new medium allows for the connection to previously unreachable markets. Some companies like Amazon Books are a virtual company using the Internet as its headquarters. What Amazon does is sell books, but instead of being located in the local mall their location is Amazon. om on the Internet. This is an example of a true virtual Supply Chain, by reaching customers and suppliers alike with out actually being there. To place an order all that is requires is to gain access to the virtual store and then find what book you are looking for. The book arrives at your door by any number of package carriers, with a savings of 15 % or greater over a local bookstore. The reason prices are so cheap is there are no locations to lease and few employees run a store that services literally millions of customers from one location. Importance of Information In today†s global economy the transfer of a company's information is a daunting task. The role of a CIO in today†s large companies is more important than ever. Some companies have given the CIO equal ranking to that of the CEO. The current structure of the economy dictates that a company must be able to manage its information and Supply Chain assets. The most important part of any organization is the people. Tapping the information that is available is the task of the CIO. The job of knowledge management falls as the responsibility of all employees, though the majority of the burden lies on the CIO. Guiding and directing the Information assets of the company is also a task of the CIO. Falling behind competitors is a dangerous proposition, utilizing all of your employees and suppliers is the only way to gain new information and stay one step ahead of the competition. (Davenport, 1996) Other current IT considerations include the cutting down on time and space between customer needs and the companies answer to those needs. A prime example is the American auto industry. In the 1970†³s the turn time for a concept car to make the production line was any where between three and five years. Now though the use of the Supply Chain automakers converse with what the customer wants then relays the information to the design team then to purchasing then finally on to the production team to complete the build. The current turn time is around 18 months. This is a time reduction of over 50%; the cost savings are tremendous. The implementation process takes less time and the customer gets more input to the final product. These are the ideal benefits of Supply Chain Management at work for you. Some companies have even passed some of the money they are saving back to the customer. (Gerkits, 1997) Asian companies have a great idea that relates to information technology and the Supply Chain. This idea is that they share information between competitors not just with suppliers and customers. The reason that they do this is to cut down on research and development costs. The Information Technology has endless possibilities in this field, a general storage position that is accessible by all parties. The idea is that you dump information into the pool and you pull out information that is beneficial to your organization. As the information resides in a database, a person has the opportunity to mold that knowledge and redeposit the information in the knowledge warehouse thus, synergy results. This above process allows for two plus two too equal 5 or more. This information sharing is a fairly new concept to American companies and especially new in the world of Supply Chain Management. The possibilities are endless provided that you control the flow of information and every participant is an equal benefactor. Rasmus, 1996) This sharing of in formation leads to the major concern of Supply Chain Management as it progresses into the next century. That is the issue of security, and how to control that sensitive information does not fall in to the wrong hands. Conceivably your company's information assets, the people, could sell your in formation to others on the world market. The business espionage game has become big money; companies will pay any price to get an edge. This scenario looks less likely with increased sharing of information. Security remains a real concern with the internal access to information. The problem comes when your supplier has permissions to your database and uses this information to unfairly compete with your customers. With all employees having new information at their fingertips how do you prevent retrieval of personnel files and trade secrets to those who do not have the need to know? The answer is in many of today†s current software packages; the main stream idea is to limit access. What a company can do is install the information transfer programs but only allow certain sections to certain people. This variety of system is very popular with today†s companies because it solves the problem and is very inexpensive. Remember that anyone who wants to crack your security system can if they spend the right amount of money and time. (Gopal and Gagon, 1995) Current Company Values Due to recent large jumps in the value of the Stockmarket some analysts have thrown out the theory that companies are over valued. This statement may be true under the old accounting principles where a company's worth is the amount of liquid assets it holds. With the increased emphasis on information technology and Supply Chain Management companies are being looked at in a new light, this light is that people are information assets. This notion makes it rather difficult to put a price on a company. People are now assets on a balance sheet because they can transfer information and add to existing information. The best way to picture this is that every employee has a nugget of information to give to each company. Each employee drops their nugget in the database with the others, but instead of forgetting it they are able to extract back out information. They take a look at all of the nuggets and add to them pool creating a new nugget. From the new knowledge someone else gains a new insight and then adds this information to the pool. This type of relationship is what makes the employees so valuable to your company and to those companies of your suppliers and customers. This is the best reason why the Stockmarket has set record highs in recent years. Investors know there is an X dimension to a company that does not show up on a balance sheet (Drucker, 1995). Future Implications of Supply Chain Management One of the changes that may occur is that employees could work at more than one place imparting information that they gain from other experiences. This takes consulting one step farther and hires workers out to the highest bidder. Imagine sitting at home working for Pepsi and Coke at their same time developing new manufacturing techniques. The reason you could do this is because of telecommuting and one company does not necessarily know that you work for the other. There is nothing wrong with collecting two salaries for the same amount of knowledge. The value placed on the information that people gather and distribute will increase for the future. The most important business task done today is to collect and distribute information for your company that was gathered from your suppliers and customers. Some other new ideas are to follow in Amazon. com†s footsteps and become a virtual storefront on the Internet. Some companies now use the Internet to control the total logistics of their operation from ordering to customer distribution. With the increased processing of information the customer has the ease of staying at home to make purchases. The new technology of the future brings so much more information to the table than in the past, with this increased amount of information people can make more informed choices in both purchasing and delivery (Coull and Rothman, 1993). Drawbacks of Supply Chain Management With information technology providing today†s managers with literally thousands of pieces of information on one topic how do they still make the right choice? The final decision on a problem or project rests in the hands of the same person it did before all this information was so readily available. The problem is too much information. This problem leads to thinking too long about a project and the window of opportunity closes before your company has time to react. The decision-makers of the company have to sort vast amounts of information sifting through to find the pieces that are most useful to them. Information overload is a very real problem with larger supplier and customer databases. The manager still makes the call, right or wrong on a decision. Hopefully they possess more information than in the past. One of the other problems with the Supply Chain is that when first put on the market it promised to reduce the number of workers there by increasing productivity. The problem is that Supply Chain Management has only displaced jobs and no real productivity gains show up in most sectors of the economy (Attewell, 1996). Other hindrances to Supply Chain Management include less face to face interaction. This is a problem mostly on a sales side of the house. Companies are now on a Just In Time delivery system that brings their goods to the factories when they are ready to use them. The ordering process for this system uses Supply Chain values. What happens is that a buyer's inventory's records post on the supplier's system. They have a min. max. system in place telling the supplier when to ship the product. This definitely cuts down on the number of people in business who come by to check inventory levels and see if you are ready to place another order. With the new inter-plant communication people see less and less of their co–workers and supervisors. Telecommuting has also taken off for some companies. This method of work has very little face to face dialog. The customer may lose out as well; they do not receive the face to face support that they have know in the past with a particular product. Even know some companies do not answer your questions about a purchase with a real person a canned message is on a computer with options. This method of customer service is less expensive for companies so expect this trend to increase. This problem is more one for Social scientist than for smart business operations. (Davidow, 1995) The final drawback is the value of your company. This is not only a problem for investors, but also when you go to borrow money. How do you determine the exact worth of the corporation? Earlier we learned that company now has more value placed on them than just the liquid assets. How does a lending institution loan money, certainly not on the value of people? They need hard assets to back up a loan. What we have is two different values of the same firm. The problem comes when your market value far exceeds your lending value. The reason is that you may need a certain amount for a loan to stay competitive, yet because of hard asset value you can not afford it. The sale of more stock is an option, yet companies may not want to put themselves in a position to have a hostile take over (Rayport and Sviokla, 1995). Conclusion As the technology of gathering and distributing information and supplies increases our business world faces problems. The positive aspects far outweigh the changes that companies will make to accommodate new Supply Chain assets. Companies are currently getting on board the information technology train; this trend appears to continue in the future. Over the history of humanity there has never been a lack of need for information. The science of Supply Chain Management can either make or break business today based on utilization of the service. The company that remembers employees now play a major role in adding data to the information warehouse will reap large rewards. The personal uses of Supply Chains are still a bit behind the business world but still make home life a lot easier by paying the bills electronically. The value system has a way of righting itself, so company values on both the market and in lenders' eyes will equal in the end. The best proof positive example that the use of Supply Chain Management works is with the U. S. automakers and the recent increases in market share they have seen. The turnaround owes its success to the faster processing of information, especially the desires of the customer. Supply Chain Management is the most important set of skills and tasks that a company has today.